- One millionth of a meter is called as Micron.
- Circuits on computer chips are measured in microns.
What is Micron (Micrometer)?
Differences between software and hardware
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Technical Term (IT Zone) - Page 55
Q1: The device that gives continuous power to the computer even at the time of power cut.
Q2: The output that can be changed easily.
Q3: The combination of analog and digital computer.
Q4: A small portable computer that runs on a single main battery or from an AC/DC adapter.
Q5: A computer program that allows other programs to interact with computer hardware.
What is debugging?
- Debugging is the process of finding and resolving bugs or defects that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system.
What is ‘bug’ in computer science?
- A ‘bug’ in computer science is a logical or programming error in hardware or software that causes a malfunction of some sort in computer.
What is a computer program?
- A program is a set of step-by-step, precise and detailed instructions provided to the computer to solve a certain problem or task.
- It can also be defined as a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer.
- A program is like a recipe containing a list of ingredients known as variables and a list of directions known as statements that tell the computer what to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric data, text, or graphical images.
- A computer requires programs to function, and typically executes the program's instructions in a central processing unit.
What is programming language?
- A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. In short, it is a set of codes used to write programs.
- Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.
What is hybrid computer?
- Hybrid computer is one, which can do the task of digital as well as analog computer. It is the computer that exhibits features of both analog and digital computer.
- In hybrid computer, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital one. It helps the user to process both continuous and discrete data. They have the speed of analog computers and the accuracy of digital computers.
- In the hybrid computer, a converter is fixed to convert the analog signals into digital signals and digital signals into analog signals.
- Hybrid computers are special purpose machines. These computers are generally used in scientific applications, aeroplanes and industrial control processes.
- A hybrid computer system offers a much cost effective method that is used to perform complex simulations.
- Examples:
- Hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient.
- Devices used in petrol pump.
- Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.
What is special purpose and general purpose computer?
- Special purpose computer: This is the computer designed for a particular type of application only. It is defined as a stored program digital computer, whose architecture is oriented towards one or more applications.
- Examples:
- Computer meant for process control in an industry.
- Computer meant for air traffic control.
- Computer used in robots.
- Computer used for desktop publishing, etc.
- General purpose computer: This is the computer designed to solve a wide variety of problems from different fields. The hardware and software of such systems are adaptable for different environments.
- Examples:
- Most of the computers used in our normal day to day work are general purpose computers.
What is clock speed of computer?
- The speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions is known as the clock speed of a computer. The clock speed is also called as clock rate and processor speed.
- Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the faster the CPU, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second. The higher the CPU speed, the better a computer will perform, in a general sense.
- Other components can improve a computer's performance as well, like memory (RAM) and the motherboard, as well as the number of cores that a processor has, like dual core or quad core.
- Clock Speeds are usually determined in MHz, 1 MHz representing 1 million cycles per second, or in GHz, 1 GHz representing 1 thousand million cycles per second. The higher the CPU speed, the better a computer will perform, in a general sense.
- If a processor has dual or quad cores, the performance of a computer can increase even if the CPU speed remaining the same. For example, a dual core 3.0 GHz processor would be capable of running faster than a single core 3.0 GHz processor. Both have the same CPU speed, but the dual core processor can perform more calculations than the single core processor because it has two processing cores instead of just one. Both cores process information at the same time.
We Will Rock The World Song (feat. Neha Kakkar) - Calendar Girls
Vocal: Khushboo Grewal, Neha Kakkar, Music: Meet Bros Anjjan, Lyrics: Kumaar, Artists: Satarupa Pyne, Ruhi Singh, Kyra Dutt, Avani Modi, Akanksha Puri
What are the features of digital computer?
- Features of digital computer:
- It is multipurpose machine.
- It has large memory space.
- The accuracy of this computer is very high.
- It is versatile in nature.
- Digital computer works on binary form, i.e. 0s and 1s.
What is digital computer?
- A digital computer is one that directly counts number or digits that represents number, letter or other special symbols.
- It is a computer capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It is operated on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary form.
- Examples: special purpose computer used in airline reservation, bank, cheque processing, etc.
- The personal computers that we are using are all digital computers.
- A Digital Computer works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols. Digital Computers operate on inputs which are ON-OFF type and its output is also in the form of ON-OFF signal. Normally, an ON is represented by a 1 and an OFF is represented by a 0. So we can say that digital computers process information which is based on the presence or the absence of an electrical charge or we prefer to say a binary 1 or 0.
How does an analog computer work?
- It operated by measuring physical quantities such as voltage, temperature, pressure, speed, etc.
- It works on a constant supply of varying signals (and not necessarily even electrical).
- For example, an automatic transmission in a car is pretty much an analog computer. As the pressure of the pump and the signals on the governor and modulator valve vary, the fluid goes through different valves in the control body and controls which transmission bands are applied at what particular time.
Features of analog computer
- It is designed for specific task.
- It has limited memory space.
- The accuracy of this computer is poor.
- No complex processing thats why result is available instantly.
- It operated by measuring physical quantities such as voltage, temperature, pressure, speed, etc.
What is analog computer?
- Analog computer is one which measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale or variance in temperature or pressure.
- It is the one which is designed to work on numerical data represented by some physical quantity (rotation or displacement) or electrical quantity (voltage or charge) which varies continuously.
- Examples of analog computer: plesley computer, speedometer, thermometer.
- The output of analog computer is continuous, which is usually in the form of readings on dials or graphs.
- Analog computer is a single problem oriented machine (i.e. specific to a particular task).
Types of computer on the basis of work
- Computers are broadly divided into three groups on the basis of computing techniques used. These groups are:
- Analog computer
- Digital computer
- Hybrid computer
How are computer classified? - IT
- Computers are classified on the basis of work (application), size, brand, model, purpose, memory or processing capacities, etc.
What are the general rules of flowchart?
- The general rules of flowchart are:
- Title should be given.
- The general flow of direction of flow flowchart is from top to bottom and left to right.
- All the flow lines must use arrowheads to indicate the flow.
- Only one flow line should enter a processing symbol.
- Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol.
- Only one flow line should enter or exit a terminal symbol.
- Only two flow lines should exit from a decision symbol.
- Flow lines should not cross each other.
- Right symbols should be used.
- Cover all eventualities or steps.
What are the advantages of a flowchart?
Advantages of a flowchart:
- It is easy to grasp the relationship quickly.
- It is easy to communicate with the facts of a problem.
- It is a form of proper documentation and to modify the program in future.
- Coding becomes effective and faster.
- It is easy to debug, because flowchart helps to detect, locate and remove logical errors.
Password Tips
- Some points to be considered while setting up password for account.
- It is better to set a strong password that includes text, number and some special character so that guessing is difficult.
- Choose a password that is hard to guess.
- Don't use a password that is your address, friends, pet's name, nickname, telephone or nearly related to you.
- Don't share your password with anyone.
- Make sure that your password is not visible on the screen when you enter it.
- Do not use the same password for multiple important accounts.
- Do not use any dictionary word in your passwords.
Different symbols used in flow-charting
Different symbols used in flow-charting with their name and function.
- Terminal symbol – oval
- It indicates the beginning and the end of a program. It generally contains words such as START, END
- Input/Output symbol – parallelogram
- It indicates an operation of reading information from the input devices and writing information to the output devices.
- Processing symbol – rectangle
- It indicates the arithmetic operations and variable assignment process and also indicates processing of data or a program in the memory.
- Decision symbol – rhombus
- i) It indicates decision being made.
- Flow lines symbol – arrow lines
- i) It is used to indicate direction of program and sequence of operation.
- Annotation symbol – a broken line and bracket
- i) It is used to indicate a comment or a remark about the program.
- Connector symbol – circle
- i) It indicates reference to another point in the flowchart where it continues.
- Pre-defined process - double-sided rectangle
- It represents a named process such as a module or function or subroutine.
What are the kinds of flowchart?
- The flowchart is of two kinds:
- Program flowchart
- It is a flowchart of program instruction.
- System flowchart
- It is a flowchart which shows the flow of work, documents and operations on data processing applications.
What is flowchart?
- A flowchart is a pictorial form of an algorithm that shows the sequence of steps performed to solve a problem.
- A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem.
What is an algorithm?
- An algorithm is step by step procedures involved in solving a problem or an activity.
- It is commonly used for data processing, calculation and other related computer and mathematical operations.
- An algorithm is pronounced AL-go-rith-um. The word derives from the name of the mathematician, Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, who was part of the royal court in Baghdad and who lived from about 780 to 850.
Clients do not come first, ....... - Richard Branson
- Clients do not come first. If you take care of your employees, they will take care of the clients. - Richard Branson
Example (constant and variable)
A program to find the circumference of a circle. (Qbasic code)
CLS
INPUT "Enter the radius of circle"; r
pi = 3.14
c = 2 * pi * r
PRINT "The circumference of the circle is "; c
END
CLS
INPUT "Enter the radius of circle"; r
pi = 3.14
c = 2 * pi * r
PRINT "The circumference of the circle is "; c
END
- In the given program,
- the value of 'r' is not fixed. Its value can be changed according to the user. So, 'r' is variable.
- the value of 'pi' is already given so its value is fixed. And it remains same in the entire program. So, 'pi' is constant.
What is constant?
- In programming, a constant is a value that never changes. It is a location in computer memory that gets the value before execution of the program and that can be used in the program.
- A constant may be a character, text or number which can hold any data and which has value assigned before the execution of program.
- Constant is of two types:
What is accumulator?
- In a computer's central processing unit (CPU), an accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored.
- A register in a central processing unit, in which intermediate results are stored. The accumulator means that the results of calculations do not need to be written to main memory and then read back, which would be much slower.
- Without a register like an accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation (addition, multiplication, shift, etc.) to main memory, perhaps only to be read right back again for use in the next operation. Access to main memory is slower than access to a register like the accumulator because the technology used for the large main memory is slower (but cheaper) than that used for a register.
What is forgery?
- What is forgery?
- Forgery is the making of false document or other paper. It is the act of faking a document to make it appear genuine for financial gain.
- What is fraud?
- Fraud is used to take something by defrauding or deceiving someone. It is also the tricking someone into obtaining money.
What is VPN?
- VPN - Virtual Private Network
- VPN is a network technology that creates a secure network connection over a public network such as the Internet or a private network owned by a service provider. Large corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies use VPN technology to enable remote users to securely connect to a private network.
- A VPN can connect multiple sites over a large distance just like a Wide Area Network (WAN).
- VPNs are often used to extend intranets worldwide to disseminate information and news to a wide user base.
- Educational institutions use VPNs to connect campuses that can be distributed across the country or around the world.
What is MIDI?
- MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface
- A standard adopted by the electronic music industry for controlling devices, such as synthesizers and sound cards, that emit music.
- It is an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments (synthesizers, drum machines), computers and other electronic equipment (MIDI controllers, sound cards, samplers) to communicate and synchronize with each other. Unlike analog devices, MIDI does not transmit an audio signal: it sends event messages about musical notation, pitch and intensity, control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato and panning, cues, and clock signals to set the tempo.
What is MCA?
- MCA is a post-graduate course in computer application. This course is usually pursued after the completion of BCA, which is the bachelor’s degree in computer application.
What is blog, blogger, blogging?
- The term “Blog” is a shortened form for “web log”.
- Blog is a regularly updated website that is written in an informal or conversational style. It’s a medium in which one's expression is presented with provisions for readers to respond.
- Individual articles on a blog are referred to as “post”.
- The person who created the blog post is often called a “blogger”.
- The activity of keeping a blog is known as “blogging”.
What is cyber laundering?
- Cyber laundering is the act of electronic transfer of illegally-obtained monies with the goal of hiding its source and possibly its destination.
What is cyber contraband?
- The process of transferring illegal items through the internet (such as encryption technology) that is barred in some locations is cyber contraband.
Who invented satellites? and when?
- The first human-made object put into space was called “Sputnik,” which was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957 . “Sputnik” means “companion” or “fellow traveler” in Russian.
- It was launched into a low-Earth orbit barely above the Earth's atmosphere. It was not used for two-way communications since it could only transmit a signal to Earth.
- No one knows who first had the idea of satellites.
Who is database programmer?
- Database programmers, also known as database developers, write instructions that effect the way in which sets of records stored in a computer system are organized, managed, accessed and updated.
What is data bandwidth and channel bandwidth?
- Data bandwidth:
- Data bandwidth is the amount of data transferred per second. Its unit is byte/sec.
- Channel bandwidth:
- Channel is a medium through which information is transmitted between transmitter and receiver. Channel bandwidth is the frequency range that constitutes the channel.
What is malware?
- Malware, short for malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer operations, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems.
- 'Malware' is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software, including computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malicious programs. It can take the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software.
To display the series- 81, 64, 49, ..... , 1. (Qbasic Code)
To display the series- 81, 64, 49, ..... , 1. (Qbasic Code)
- CLS
FOR i = 9 TO 1 STEP -1
PRINT i ^ 2
NEXT i
END
To display the series- 8, 27, 64, 125, 216. (Qbasic code)
To display the series- 8, 27, 64, 125, 216. (Qbasic code)
- CLS
FOR i = 2 TO 6
PRINT i ^ 3
NEXT i
END
What are the different parts of an E-mail address?
- An email address contains mainly three components. They are demonstrated as follows:
- Example of email address: xyzcompany@domain.com
- 1) Account name (or username):
- It is the part of the email address that identifies the name of the user account.
- In the example given, 'xyzcompany' is the account name. It has to be unique.
- 2) @ sign:
- In the case of email address, this symbol is pronounced as 'AT' and not as 'AT THE RATE'. This symbol is used in an email address to separate account name from domain name. When a computer tries to understand an email address, it split the address from '@' sign.
- 3) Domain name:
- This is the part of email address that identifies the name of the server that host the email.
- In the example, 'domain.com' is the domain name.
- It is not necessary that the domain name would always be of a .com kind. It may be of different domain extension like .org, .net, .gov, etc.
What is intelligence programming?
- The computer itself will do the programming, so the user will not have to write programs. They just have to tell the computer what to do. This programming technique that will perform by computer is termed as intelligence programming.
What is digital divide?
- Digital divide is the term used to describe gap between who do and people who don't have access to - and the capability to use - modern information technology, such as the telephone, computer or the internet.
- It is a term that describes the discrepancy between people who have access to and the resources to use new information and communication tools, such as the Internet, and people who do not have the resources and access to the technology.
What are the advantages of coding in data processing?
- Advantages of coding:
- Long information or data can be referred using simple number or text.
- The data can be easily retrieved using appropriate code.
Who is data entry operator?
- A data entry operator, similar to a typist, is a member of staff employed to enter or update data into a computer system database.
- What is the responsibility of data entry operator?
- The responsibility of data entry operator is to enter data from the source (may be hard copy or softcopy) into the computer’s memory.
What is data processing cycle?
- The cycle of process of repetition of activities in data processing until the error free result achieved is called as data processing cycle.
What is electronic data processing?
- Electronic data processing is the processing of data with the help of electronic data processing equipments. Data can be processed with automatic operation at a high speed with high degree of accuracy.
- Advantages of electronic data processing:
- High speed and accuracy.
- Automatic operation on data.
- Compact data storage.
What is computer simulation?
- Computer simulation is a special form of CAL. It is the modeling of the functioning of some system by computer. For example, traffic signs, aircraft's flights simulation where we can see almost exactly in the screen.
- Computer simulations are used to study the dynamic behaviour of objects or systems in response to conditions that cannot be easily or safely applied in real life.
What is PILOT?
- PILOT is the short form of Programming Inquiring Learning or Teaching. It is a computer programming language for computer assisted instruction (CAI).
What is CAL?
- CAL is a technique in which computer is used with special program to teach particular subjects. Any use of computers to aid or support the education or training of people.
What is CAI?
- CAI is short form of Computer Aided Instruction. It is a technology of using a computer as a teaching or for teaching-learning.
- The commonly used modes of CAI are:
- instructional games
- tutorial mode
- computer simulation mode
- drill and practice mode
What is operating system software?
- Operating system software is a program which controls the hardware and other parts of the system. Without system software no other software can be used.
- Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the input devices like keyboard, mouse etc. sending output to the output devices like display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
What is system software?
- The set or programs incorporated on to the memory of a computer by the manufacturer is called as system software.
- System software takes care of running basic tasks as reading application programs from disk, collecting keystrokes from keyboard and presenting on application programs output on display, etc.
- System software are categorized into following:
- Operating software
- Translating program
- Utility program
What is compiler?
- Compiler is a language translator that translates from high level language to machine level language. It reads and translates whole program into machine level language.
- In compiler, if errors are found in the program coding, the errors are shown only when it is tried to run or execute the program.
What is interpreter?
- Interpreter is a language translator that translates from high level language to machine level language. It translates each source of language into a sequence of machine instructions and then executes these machine instructions before translating the next source language statement.
- In interpreter, if errors are found in the program coding, the errors are shown immediately after coding each line of program.
What is assembler?
- Assembler is a language translator that produces a machine language program from the assembly language.
- An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written in assembly language into machine language, code and instructions that can be executed by a computer. It is a program that translates programs from assembly language to machine language.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of low level language?
- Advantages and disadvantages of low level language:
- Advantages:
- Fast to run as no need of specific translator.
- They are simple and machines can understand.
- The programmer has unlimited access to the working of a computer system.
- Low level languages are related to hardware.
- Disadvantages:
- It is almost impossible to find and correct errors.
- Time taking
- Costly
- Difficult to program.
What is translator / language processor in computer?
- Translator is program which translate the program written in programming language into the form that computer understand, i.e. into the machine level language.
- It can also be defined as is a special type of computer software that has the capacity of translating the source code or program codes into machine codes.
- Translators are also called language processor.
- Interpreter, compiler, assembler are examples of translator.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of high level language?
Advantages and disadvantages of high level language:
- Advantages:
- It takes less programming time.
- Size of the program is small.
- It is easy to learn and program.
- Easy to locate mistakes.
- Easily readable.
- Program is not machine oriented so program is transportable from one computer to other.
- No need to know the internal architecture of computer by the programmer.
- Disadvantages:
- This language executes slowly.
- Some problems cannot be solved with this language.
- Need compilers or interpreters to program.
What is computer language?
- The language developed specifically to communicate to the computer is called computer language.
- Computer languages are categorized into two main categories.
- High level language
- Low level language
- What is high level language?
- High level language: It is a programming language oriented towards the problem to be solved or the procedures to be used.
- Some high level programming languages are:
- COBOL – Commercial language
- ALGOL, FORTRAN – Scientific language
- PL/1, BASIC, PASCAL – Multipurpose language
- PROG, RPG, LISP – Procedural language
- What is low level language?
- Low level language: It is a machine oriented programming language. In this language, each instruction corresponds to or resembles a machine instruction.
What is Utility software?
- Utility software is the type of software that provides useful service to the user of the computer by providing facilities for performing common tasks such as data transfer, search and merge of files, data and file recovery, diskette management, etc. Utility software is also called as service programs.
- Examples: Norton utility, PC tools, Prokey, etc.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of packaged software?
Advantages and disadvantages of packaged software:
- Advantages:
- Saves effort, money and time for solving problem.
- They are well tried and tested programs provided from reputed software vendors.
- Easily available.
- User friendly.
- Disadvantages:
- May not be suitable for specific task.
- There is less control over the quality of works and service of the software.
- Some packages need regular updates which may be costly.
What is an icon?
- The word "icon" means "image". A small picture that represents an object or program is called an icon.
- Icons are used with Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows and the Apple Mac OS, to help quickly identify a type of file or program associated with the icon.
What is light pen?
- A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's display. It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar way to a touchscreen but with greater positional accuracy.
- A light pen is a light-sensitive pointing device commonly used to select or otherwise modify text or data on a screen.
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